Essay Help - How to Write a Hardship College Entrance Essay

Essay Help - How to Write a Hardship College Entrance EssayHow to write a hardship college entrance essay is a question that has been asked by countless college students. While you might not expect to be required to write an essay about a hardship, it is not unheard of either. In fact, this sort of essay can be just what a student needs in order to earn a competitive grade in school. To help your readers understand why this is a good idea, here are some tips to make sure that you do a good job.The first and most important things to keep in mind when writing a hardship essay are common sense. For example, if you are asked to provide evidence that you have financial issues, you should provide proof to back up your claim. This could include a letter from a third party stating that you need money or it could include a copy of a paycheck. It is also important to list all expenses that might come up in the future. If you end up short on money, then it is important to let the reader know ab out it.Also, you need to make sure that you take the time to polish your English skills. That way, if your essay is required to be submitted to colleges, you will know that you are doing the right thing.You also need to consider what the admissions officer is going to think. While it might seem unfair for you to be required to write a hardship essay, you must realize that in many cases this is what colleges are looking for. The best way to get through this hurdle is to make sure that you do a good job and that your essay shows your strengths and weaknesses.If you need any further assistance with writing this type of essay, you should definitely call the college admissions office and talk to them about it. They will be able to give you the advice that you need so that you can do a good job. Make sure that you get their support as well, though, as they are also looking out for your best interests.The answer to how to write a hardship college entrance essay is not necessarily hard. How ever, you need to take the time to learn the proper techniques for completing this task. With proper preparation, you will be able to write a good essay.There are many ways to prepare for how to write a hardship college entrance essay. By knowing the tools that you need, you will be able to get the job done without much trouble.

Sample the Method of Interview

Sample the Method of InterviewThe sample the method of interview is in person essay. It allows you to give a chance for the company or the job seeker to see who you are and what your qualifications are. This also helps in the screening process and prepares you for your interview.When you are looking at jobs and the employment prospects, it helps to let the interviewer to see how you interact with others and how you interact with the company's values. And it helps in the screening process by telling the employer if you will be an ideal fit for the job.It is similar to an exam paper, you might have to take in college. You are supposed to give the employer a sample which you hope will be the real exam paper.If you get to be selected for the interview, you would give a resume which the employer is supposed to read in order to evaluate your resume. This resume must match up your skills and qualities and it should contain your talents. This is a sample, the method of interview and the resu me you would give to the company.For the resume to look professional, there should be some information written on it. You may write that you would like to work and be part of the culture and to share a common history. You should mention where you have studied and where you went to school. You should mention what you have done in your career.In the process of interviewing, you should make sure you are on time and not late. Sometimes employers are stingy with their interview time, so make sure you do not disappoint them. The interview should not go on too long but you can elaborate as much as you want to.The real interviewer would ask questions about your past and present. This is a sample of the method of interview and you should always remember that the interview will be a chance for you to show the employer the true you.

Mine Essay Example

Mine Essay The statements of Accounting Standards (SAS) are issued by the Nigerian Accounting Standards Board (NASB) for use by all those interested in published financial statements either as preparers or users. The NASB is a thirteen member body comprising the following organisations and establishments:  ¦ Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)  ¦ Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC)  ¦ Federal Board of Inland Revenue (FBIR)  ¦ Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF)  ¦ Federal Ministry of Commerce and Tourism (FMCT)  ¦ Nigerian Accounting Teachers’ Association (NATA) Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA)  ¦ Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC)  ¦ Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE)  ¦ Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)  ¦ The Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN)  ¦ The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN)  ¦ The Office of the Auditor General for the Federation. Standards Issuing Procedure Pri or to the issuing of any standard, a great deal of preparatory work is required which would culminate in the publication of an exposure draft. Copies of the exposure draft are sent to members and those with a special interest in the topic. After full and proper consideration and consultation, if it is seen to be desirable, an accounting standard on the topic may then be issued. In Nigeria, the SAS has precedence over other foreign standards including International Accounting Standards (IAS). Each SAS however indicates the level of compliance with the relevant IAS. SAS 1 – DISCLOSURE OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Issued Nov 1984) The purpose of this statement is to assist any reader in the understanding and the nterpretation of financial statements and the information disclosed therein. Definitions Accounting method – is the medium through which accounting concepts are applied to financial transactions and to the preparation of financial statements. Accounting Basis – the totality of methods adopted by an enterprise for applying fundamental accounting concepts to its financial transactions. There are two disti nctive accounting bases: i) Accrual basis; and ii) Cash basis. Accounting Policies – accounting policies are those bases, rules, principles, conventions and procedures adopted in preparing and presenting financial statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Mine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accounting concepts identified by the standard are: Entity, going concern, periodicity, realisation, matching, consistency, and historical cost. Accounting principles are employed in applying accounting concepts are: substance over form, objectivity, fairness, materiality, and prudence. SAS 2 – INFORMATION TO BE DISCLOSED IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Issued Nov 1984) This standard requires that financial statements should provide quantitative and qualitative information to aid users in making informed economic decisions. Terms and meanings Accounting information – refers to the data that are found in financial statements. Accounting Period – refers to the time span, usually one year, covered by financial statements Financial Statement – consists of balance sheet, profit and loss account or income statement, notes on the account, cash flow statement, value added statement and historical financial summary. Long term – relates to a period in excess of 12 months. General Disclosures: The financial statements of an enterprise should state: ) The name of the enterprise b) The period of time covered c) A brief description of its activities d) Its legal form and e) Its relationship with its significant local and overseas suppliers including the immediate and ultimate parent, associated or affiliated company. SAS 3 ACCOUNTING FOR PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT (Issued Nov 1984) This statement deals with accounting for property, plant and equipment under the historical cost concept a nd the revaluation of specific items of property, plant and equipment. Definitions Property, Plant and Equipment – these are tangible assets that: a) have been acquired or constructed and held for use in the production or supply of goods and services and may include those held for maintenance or repair of such assets; and b) are not intended for sale in the ordinary course of business. Fair Value – is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between a knowledgeable willing buyer and a knowledgeable willing seller in an arm’s length transaction. Net Book Value is the amount (historical cost or valuation) at which an asset is carried in the books less related accumulated depreciation. Useful Life – of an asset is the shorter of a) The predetermined physical life and b) The economic life during which it could be profitably employed in the operations of the enterprise. Recoverable Amount is that part of the NBV of an item of property, plant and equipment that the enterprise can recover in the future through depreciation of the item including its net realisable value on disposal. SAS 4 – ON STOCKS (Issued March 1996) This statement deals with the valuation and preparation of items of stocks including livestock and agricultural produce. Stocks include those finished goods and livestock awaiting sale, work-in-progress, raw materials and supplies to be consumed in the production of goods or the rendering of services. Livestock Two major problems are associated with the valuation of livestock, namely a) determining the actual number and their existence especially animals that graze; and b) identifying the various stages of their development The following three approaches to valuation of livestock are allowed by the standard: a. Cost approach b. Net realisable value . Appraisal value Systems of stock taking – two systems of stock taking generally in use are (i) Perpetual, and (ii) Periodic Valuation of stocks – generally, stocks should be valued at the lower of cost or net realisable value. The following methods are recommended by the standard: (a) First in, First out (b) Average cost, where it consistently approximates historical cost (c) Specific identification (d) Standard cost with the adjustment for c ost variances, and (e) The adjusted selling price method (Retail Inventory Method) The following stock valuation methods are not allowed: (a) latest Purchase Price (b) Last in, First out, and (c) Base stock. SAS 5 – ON CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS (Issued August 1996) The main issues involved in accounting for construction contracts are the timing, measurement and recognition of revenue and the asset created during construction. Construction contract refers to the execution of building and civil engineering projects, mechanical and electrical engineering installations and other fabrications normally evidenced by an agreement between two or more parties. In practice, two methods are generally used for accounting for construction contracts, namely: a) the completed contracts method, and b) the percentage-of-completion method Several types of contracts exist including: (i) fixed sum (lump sum) contract (ii) Cost-plus a fixed rate contract (iii) Re-measure contract (iv) Variable-Price contract SAS 6 ON EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS AND PRIOR YEAR ADJUSTMENTS (Issued August 1986) The primary objectives of this statement are: a) to examine the issues involved in the determination of operating income in any given accounting period, and ) to prescribe the accounting treatment of extra ordinary and unusual items and prior year adjustments as well as their appropriate disclosure in financial statements. Definition: Exceptional Items – are those that though normal to the activity of an enterprise are abnormal as a result of their infrequency of occurrence and size e. g. abnormally high bad debts. Extraordinary items – are those that occur outside the ordinary activities of an enterprise and are not expected to recur frequently. Prior year adjustments – are items of revenue and expenses that were recorded this year but would have been recorded in a prior year or years if all the facts had been known at that time. These do not include adjustments for differences between actual and accounting estimates. Ordinary activities – of an enterprise are normal product lines or day-to-day activities. There are two types of reporting concepts namely, †¢ Current-Operating-Performance concepts, and †¢ All-Inclusive concepts A reporting entity should adopt the All-Inclusive Concept of reporting. SAS 7 – ON FOREIGN CURRENCY CONVERSIONS AND TRANSLATIONS (Issued June 1988) The primary objectives of this statement are to provide uniform accounting treatment for: a) Foreign exchange transactions and b) The translation by a Nigerian enterprise of the financial statements of its foreign branches, subsidiaries, associates, or joint ventures based in a country other than Nigeria. Definitions Foreign Currency – is any currency other than the domestic currency, the Naira. Conversion – is the process of expressing a foreign currency amount in naira by the use of an appropriate rate of exchange. Translation – is the restating of accounting balances of foreign operations at their equivalents in naira. Exchange Rate – is the rate at which the currency of a country is exchanged for the currency of another country. Some exchange rates used in practice are: i) Official Exchange ii) Spot rate iii) Closing rate of exchange iv) Forward rate Translation of the accounts of foreign operations Three main methods of translating foreign account balances are: (i) closing rate method, (ii) temporal method, and (iii) Monetary, Non-monetary method SAS 8 – ON ACCOUNTING FOR EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT BENEFITS (issued June 1990) The primary objectives of this statement are to narrow the differences in the methods or manner used in a) measuring the amount of retirement obligations under retirement benefit plans, b) allocating the cost of the plan and recognising resulting gains or losses to the accounting periods, and c) disclosing as accurately as possible, the plan and the effects of the plan implementation on the reporting enterprise. Retirement benefits can be determined in either of two ways, namely;  ¦ as a function of years of service and earnings as a function of accumulated contributions Retirement costs are determined using Actuarial cost methods namely: i) accrued benefit cost method, ii) projected benefit cost method Actuarial gains or losses are recognised in practice in either of 3 ways viz: i) immediate recognition ii) spreading iii) averaging SAS 9 ACCOUNTING FOR DEPRECIATION (Issued Aug 1989) This stat ement provides a guide for uniform and acceptable methods of determining and reporting depreciation on items of property, plant and equipment whether stated at historical cost or revalued amounts. Depreciation – represents an estimate of the portion of the historical cost or revalued amount of a fixed asset chargeable to operations during an accounting period. Methods for Calculating Depreciation Methods based on passage of time include: (a) straight line (b) decreasing charge (i) sum-of-the-year-digit (ii) Reducing balance (c) annuity and sinking fund Methods based on the level of usage or output are a) service hour, and b) productive output SAS 10 – ACCOUNTING BY BANKS AND NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (PART 1) (Issued October 1990) This statement focuses on three main areas of concern relating to accounting practices followed by banks, namely; †¢ Income recognition †¢ Loss recognition, and †¢ Balance sheet classification Income Statement – Each principal revenue item should be stated separately in a bank’s financial statements to enable the user assess the contribution of that particular source of revenue. Balance Sheet – a bank should group its assets and liabilities in the balance sheet according to their nature and list them in order of their liquidity and maturity. SAS 11 – ON LEASES (Issued March 1991) The primary objectives of this statement are: a) to ensure that published financial statements contain sufficient information about lease transactions to make it possible for users of such statements to determine the effects of lease commitments on the present and future operations of the reporting enterprises. (b) To ensure uniform disclosure of terms and classes o f leases in financial statements. A lease is a contractual agreement between an owner (the lessor) and another party (the lessee) which conveys to the lessee the right to use the leased asset for an agreed period of time in return for a consideration, usually periodic payment called rents. Classification of Leases ) Operating lease ii) Finance or capital lease Other variants of finance or capital leases are: a) Leveraged lease b) Sales-tyoe lease c) Direct finance lease SAS 12 – ON ACCOUNTING FOR DEFERRED TAXES (Superseded by SAS 19 – Accounting for Taxes) SAS 13 – ON ACCOUNTING FOR INVESTMENTS (Issued Nov 1992) The statement focuses on three main forms of investments, namely (a) Short-term investment (b) Long-term investments, and (c) Investment properties Investments are assets acquired by an enterprise for purposes of capital appreciation or income generation without any activities in the form of production, trade, or provision of services. Valuation Short-term investments should be valued at the lower of cost and market value. Long-term investments should be carried at cost or at a revalued amount Investment properties should be carried in the balance sheet at their market value and revalued periodically an a systematic basis at least once in every three years SAS 14 – ACCOUNTING IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY: UPSTREAM ACTIVITIES (Issued Dec 1993) This statement deals with accounting and reporting for upstream activities. It does not cover the downstream activities. Upstream activities involve the acquisition of mineral interest in properties, exploration (including prospecting) development, and production of crude oil and gas. Oil and gas producing activities involve costs which may be classified as: (a) mineral right acquisition costs (b) exploration and drilling costs (c) development costs (d) production costs (e) support equipment and facilities costs, and (f) general costs Oil and Gas Accounting Methods Two basic accounting methods in common use are the Full cost and the Successful Efforts methods. A third method known as Reserve Recognition Accounting (RRA) allows an enterprise to recognise the value of proved oil and gas reserves as assets and changes in such reserve values as earnings in the Financial Statements. This method is however not in common use and is not recommended. SAS 15 – ON ACCOUNTING BY BANKS AND NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (PART II) (Issued Dec 1996) This statement seeks to provide a guide for accounting policies and accounting methods that are to be followed by non bank financial institutions as: Finance Houses/Companies  ¦ Bureaux De Change  ¦ Mortgage Institutions  ¦ Discount Houses  ¦ Stock Brokerage Firms ; and  ¦ Other Capital Market Operators SAS 16 – ACCOUNTING FOR INSURANCE BUSINESS (Issued Dec 1997) This statement establishes financial accounting and reporting standards for the financial statements of nonlife and life assurance undertakings. The business of insurance can be broadly divided into two categories: (a) General Insurance Business (non life) (b) Life Assurance Business (long term business) Basis of accounting for Insurance transaction include:  ¦ Annual Accounting  ¦ Deferred Annual accounting, and  ¦ Fund accounting General insurers are required to adopt the annual basis of accounting. Where it is not possible to determine underwriting results with reasonable certainty until the following accounting period, the deferred annual basis should be adopted. Life assurance business should be accounted for on the fund accounting basis. Balance sheet – both general insurers and life assurers should arrange their balance sheet items in order of liquidity. SAS 17 – ACCOUNTING IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY: DOWNSTREAM ACTIVITIES (issued Dec 1997) This statement provides guide on accounting practices and reporting formats to be followed by companies operating in the downstream sector of the Nigerian Petroleum Industry. Downstream activities involve transporting, refining and marketing of oil, gas and derivatives. Such companies include those engaged in:  ¦ Refining and petrochemicals  ¦ Marketing and distribution; and  ¦ Liquefied Natural Gas SAS 18 – ON STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (Issued Dec 1997) This standard requires that a statement of cash flows should be part of the financial statements prepared by an organisation. It replaces the statement of source and application of funds required by SAS 2. Definitions Cash – comprises cash in hand and demand deposits, denominated in Naira and foreign currencies. Cash Equivalents – are short term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Generally, they are within three months of maturity. Cash flows – are inflows and outflows of cash equivalents There are two methods of preparing a statement of cash flows: 1) Direct method; and 2) Indirect method Classification of cash flows The standard requires that cash flow items be classified under the following headings:  ¦ Operating activities  ¦ Investing activities; and  ¦ Financing activities. Interest paid, dividend paid and other distributions to owners should be classified as cash flows from financing activities while interest received and dividend received should be classified as cash flows from investing activities except where the investor-company has significant control over he investee company and holds at least 20% of the equity. In such cases, dividends received should be classified as cash flows from operating activities. SAS 19 Accounting for Taxes (Issued December 2000) This Statement replaces the Statement of Accounting Standard No. 12. SAS 19 – Accounting for Taxes covers taxes on business organisations including Companies Income Tax, Petroleum Profit Ta x, Capital Gains Tax, Value Added Tax and Education Tax. The Statement does not cover Customs and Excise Duties and Royalties. Key Definitions Deferred Tax is the tax (liability or asset) attributable to timing differences. Input Tax (VAT) is the tax paid on goods and services purchased. Output Tax (VAT) is the tax collected by a taxable person from other parties for goods and services supplied. Permanent Differences are differences between taxable and accounting income, for a period, that are not expected to reverse in subsequent periods. Tax Expense/Tax Income is the total of current and deferred taxes charged against or credited to the income of the accounting period. Temporary Differences are the differences between the amount an asset or a liability is carried in the balance sheet and its tax base. Timing Differences are differences between the accounting income and taxable income which arise because the periods in which some items of revenue and expense are included in accounting income differ from the periods in which they are included in taxable income. Such differences originate in one period and are expected to reverse in one or other subsequent periods. Bases of providing for deferred taxes nil provision basis; partial provision basis; and full provision basis. Methods of computing Deferred tax deferral method (FIFO or Average) liability method Presentation in financial statements There are two major methods of presenting tax effects of timing differences in the financial statements: net-of-tax method (prohibited) separate line item method (permitted) Investment income should be accounted for at gross amounts and the tax withheld at source should be deducted from the tax payable. Deferred taxes should be computed using the liability method Only the timing differences that are expected to reverse during the period allowed by the tax law should be considered in computing deferred taxes for treatment either as an asset or as a charge to the deferred tax account. Full provision should be made for deferred taxes. Deferred taxes relating to ordinary activities should be shown as part of the tax on profit or loss resulting from ordinary activities. Deferred taxes relating to extraordinary items should be shown as part of the tax on extraordinary items. Capital gains tax should be included in the tax expense for the period. Where capital gains tax relates to a disposal treated as an extraordinary item, it should be stated as a deduction from the item. Where non-recoverable VAT in respect of an expense item should be expensed. Where a non-recoverable VAT is paid in respect of an item of fixed asset, the VAT should be capitalised as part of the cost of the fixed asset. The net amount owing to or due from the tax authority should form part of debtors or creditors. Where recoverable VAT remains consistently outstanding for three years, it should be fully provided for. Output VAT should be excluded from the turnover shown in the profit and loss account. Disclosure Requirements The following components of tax expense (income) should be disclosed by way of notes: Company income tax; Petroleum profit tax; Capital gains tax; Education tax; and Deferred tax. Taxes on extraordinary items and prior year adjustments Deferred tax balance should be presented in the balance sheet separately in the case of liability, between long term and current liabilities and in case of assets, between fixed and current assets. Movements in tax accounts should be shown as follows: Current Taxes balance at the beginning of the peri od; tax charge or credit for the period; payments made during the period; tax credits received during the period; and balance at the end of the period. Deferred taxes balance at the beginning of the period; current year provision (reversal); and balance at the end of the period. TUTORIAL NOTE ON DEFERRED TAXATION – SAS 19 IAS 12 (Revised) Background The amount of tax payable in any particular period does not necessarily bear a direct relationship to the amount of profit or loss shown on the income statement. This is because the tax laws provide for the computation of the taxable income for a period based on rules different from the generally accepted accounting principles followed while preparing the income statement. In order to account for the tax effects of all transactions occurring within a period, a deferred tax asset or liability (as appropriate) is usually recognise. This is in line with the matching concept. Key Terms Deferred Tax Liabilities are the taxes payable in future accounting periods attributable to timing differences. Permanent Differences are differences between taxable and accounting income, for a period, that are not expected to reverse in subsequent periods. Tax Expense/Tax Income is the total of current and deferred taxes charged against or credited to the income of the accounting period. Temporary Differences are the differences between the amount an asset or a liability is carried in the balance sheet and its tax base. Temporary differences may be either taxable differences or deductible differences. The tax base of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purposes. Timing Differences are differences between the accounting income and taxable income which arise because the periods in which some items of revenue and expense are included in accounting income differ from the periods in which they are included in taxable income. Such differences originate in one period and are expected to reverse in one or other subsequent periods. While all timing differences are temporary differences, not all temporary differences are timing differences. Bases of Providing for Deferred Taxes The objective of providing for deferred taxes is to ensure that the tax expense reported in an income statement of a particular period reflects the tax effects of transactions included in the accounting profit/loss of the period. Permanent differences are not taken into consideration as they do not affect other periods. In providing for deferred taxes, three major bases are commonly in use. These are: nil provision basis; partial provision basis; and full provision basis. Under the nil provision basis, the tax effects of timing differences are ignored completely. Only the tax payable in respect of the accounting period is charged to income in that period and no provision is made for deferred taxes. Proponents of this basis hold the view that since tax liability arises only on taxable income and not on accounting income, there is no need to provide for deferred taxes. However, this practice is not recommended because it could understate or overstate the tax expense for the period. Under the partial provision basis, the tax effects of some timing differences are excluded from the computation of deferred taxes when there is reasonable evidence that those timing differences will not reverse for some considerable number of years. Supporters of this basis argue that deferred tax has to be provided for only where there is a high probability that the tax will become payable as a result of the reversal of timing differences. Opponents of this basis argue that the current deferred taxes will reverse. It may only be replaced by other originating differences in future. This practice is also not recommended because the amount of the provision is subjective. The full provision basis takes into account all the timing differences. Proponents of this basis submit that financial statements of a particular period are expected to recognise the tax effects of all the transactions occurring in that period. Opponents of this basis argue that there is the problem as to whether, and why, distant and contingent possibilities of paying greater tax in the future should be recognised now as liabilities in the account. This practice is prudent and acceptable internationally and is the basis required by SAS 19. Methods of Computation The tax effect of a timing difference is computed as the difference between the tax computed after taking into account the transaction(s) giving rise to the timing difference and the tax computed without including such transaction(s). There are two methods of computing deferred taxes: deferral method liability method Deferral Method Under this method, deferred taxes are determine on the basis of the prevailing tax rates when the timing differences originate. No adjustments are made later to recognise subsequent changes in tax rates. Reversals of the tax effects of timing differences are accounted for using the tax rates current at the time the differences arose. In practice, the rates used may be either an average rate to date, or a rate determined through the first-in-first-first-out approach. A basic argument against the deferral method is that the balance of deferred taxes may not represent the actual amount of additional taxes payable or recoverable in the periods that timing differences reverse. Liability method Under this method, the amount of deferred tax is computed using the tax rate expected to be in force during the period in which the timing differences reverse. Usually, the current tax rate is used as a reasonable estimate of the future tax rates, unless changes in tax rates are known in advance. As a result, the deferred tax provision represents the best estimate of the amount which would be payable or recoverable if the relevant timing differences reverse. Thus, the difference between income tax expense and income tax payable for the period is directly adjusted on the deferred tax balance. When accounting for timing differences results in a debit balance, and there is reasonable expectation of its recovery, it is usually carried forward as an asset. Presentation in Financial Statements There are two major methods of presenting tax effects of timing differences in the financial statements: net-of-tax method separate line item method Net-of-Tax-Method Under this method, the tax effects of timing differences (determined by either the deferral or liability method) are not reported separately; instead, they are reported as adjustments to the carrying amounts of specific assets or liabilities and the related revenues or expenses. Although this method recognises that the values of assets and liabilities are affected by tax considerations, it fails to distinguish between transactions and their tax effects and thus it is not recommended. Separate Line Item Method Under this method, the tax effects in the financial statements are shown separately from the items or transactions to which they relate. The main advantage of this method is that it distinguishes between an item and its tax effects. Disclosure Requirements The major components of tax expense or income shall be disclosed separately  ¦ the amount of deferred tax expense (income) relating to the origination and reversal of temporary differences  ¦ the amount of a deferred tax asset and the nature of the evidence supporting its recognition  ¦ an explanation of changes in the applicable tax rate(s) compared to the previous accounting period  ¦ an explanation of the relationship between tax expense (income) and accounting profit (i. e. econciliation o f effective to statutory tax rate)  ¦ the aggregate current and deferred tax relating to items that are charged or credited to equity  ¦ the amount of deferred tax expense (income) relating to changes in tax rates or the imposition of new taxes DEFERRED TAXES – Points to Note  ¦ Deferred taxes should be computed using the liability method  ¦ Only the timing differences that are expected to reverse during the period allowed by the tax law should be considered in computing deferred taxes for treatment either as an asset or as a charge to the deferred tax account.  ¦ Full provision should be made for deferred taxes (Full basis). Deferred taxes relating to ordinary activities should be shown as part of the tax on profit or loss resulting from ordinary activities.  ¦ Deferred taxes relating to extraordinary items should be shown as part of the tax on extraordinary items.  ¦ Deferred taxes, other than those relating to extraordinary items or prior year adjustments, sh ould be shown separately from the items or transaction to which they relate.  ¦ Deferred tax balance should be presented in the balance sheet separately in the case of liability, between long term and current liabilities and in case of assets, between fixed and current assets. The tax effect relating to the increase in the carrying value of a revalued asset should be determined and charged or credited directly to equity. SAS 20: Abridged Financial Statements (Issued Dec 2001) The primary objectives of this Statement are to: specify the minimum contents of Abridged Financial Statements; standardise formats for presentation of Abridged Financial Statements; and improve comparability and usefulness of Abridged Financial Statements. Abridged Financial Statements should carry a declaration that: a) they are abridged financial statements; ) the financial statements and the specific disclosures included in them have been derived from the full financial statements of the company; c) the abridged financial statements cannot be expected to provide as full an understanding of the financial performance, financial position and financing and investing activities of the organisation as the full financial statements; and d) copies of the full financial statements can b e obtained from the Registrars of the company. A company whose financial statements for a period are qualified by its auditors should not publish Abridged Financial Statements for that period. Abridged Financial Statements must include the following as in the full financial statements: a) accounting policies; b) profit and loss account for the financial year; c) balance sheet as at the end of the financial year; d) statement of cash flows for the financial year; e) notes in relation to exceptional and extraordinary items; f) five-year financial summary; and g) any other information necessary to ensure that the abridged financial statements are consistent with the full accounts and reports for the year. Other information to be included in an abridged financial statements are: a) Notice of Annual General Meeting; b) Names of Directors during the year and their shareholdings; c) Report of the Audit committee which should confirm that the auditors report is unqualified; d) Financial highlights (Result at a glance); and e) Dividends paid or proposed and dates of payment. Disclosure  ¦ Material events occurring after the balance sheet date; and  ¦ Where there is a change in accounting policy or estimates  ¦ Informatio

50 Types of Propaganda

50 Types of Propaganda 50 Types of Propaganda 50 Types of Propaganda By Mark Nichol Are you a propagandist? If you write nonfiction intended to persuade, yes, by a broad definition, you almost certainly are. Here are fifty terms for, and definitions of, forms of propaganda, at least one of which such writers will likely employ in a given piece of content. Propaganda (the word is from a New Latin term meaning â€Å"propagating,† synonymous in this connotation with publicizing) has been defined as â€Å"communication intended to shape perceptions, manipulate cognition, and direct behavior.† That’s a broad definition a narrower one would limit propaganda to willful, prejudicial manipulation of information but it helps writers and readers understand that because almost any content can be considered propaganda, they must be alert to the subtext of almost any content they produce or consume. 1. Ad hominem: attacking opponents rather than opponents’ ideas or principles 2. Ad nauseam: repeating ideas relentlessly so that the audience becomes inured to them 3. Appeal to authority: use of authority figures (or perceived authority figures such as celebrities) to support ideas 4. Appeal to fear: exploitation of audience anxieties or concerns 5. Appeal to prejudice: exploitation of an audience’s desire to believe that it is virtuous or morally or otherwise superior 6. Bandwagon: exploitation of an audience’s desire to conform by encouraging adherence to or acceptance of idea that is supposedly garnering widespread or universal support 7. Beautiful people: depiction of attractive famous people or happy people to associate success or happiness with adherence to an idea or cause or purchase of a product 8. Black-and-white fallacy: presentation of only two alternatives, one of which is identified as undesirable 9. Classical conditioning: association of an idea with another stimulus 10. Cognitive dissonance: using a favorable stimulus to prompt acceptance of an unfavorable one, or producing an unfavorable association 11. Common man: adoption of mannerisms and/or communication of principles that suggest affinity with the average person 12. Cult of personality: creation of an idealized persona, or exploitation of an existing one, as a spokesperson for an idea or a cause 13. Demonizing the enemy: dehumanizing or otherwise denigrating opponents to sway opinion 14. Dictat: mandating adherence to an idea or cause by presenting it as the only viable alternative 15. Disinformation: creating false accounts or records, or altering or removing existing ones, to engender support for or opposition to an idea or cause 16. Door in the face: seeking compliance with a request by initially requesting a greater commitment and then characterizing the desired outcome as a compromise or a minor inconvenience 17. Euphoria: generating happiness or high morale by staging a celebration or other motivating event or offer 18. Fear, uncertainty, and doubt: disseminating false or negative information to undermine adherence to an undesirable belief or opinion 19. Flag waving: appealing to nationalism or patriotism 20. Foot in the door: manipulation by encouraging a small gift or sacrifice, which establishes a bond that can be exploited to extract more significant compliance 21. Glittering generalities: applying emotionally appealing but vague and meaningless words to an idea or cause 22. Half-truth: making a statement that is partly true or only part of the truth, or is otherwise deceptive 23. Inevitable victory: assurance of uncommitted audience members and reassurance of committed audience members that an idea or cause will prevail 24. Join the crowd: communication intended to persuade the audience to support an idea or cause because it is or will be the dominant paradigm 25. Labeling or name-calling: using euphemistic or dysphemistic terms to encourage a positive or negative perception of a person, an idea, or a cause 26. Latitudes of acceptance: introducing an extreme point of view to encourage acceptance of a more moderate stance, or establishing a barely moderate stance and gradually shifting to an extreme position 27. The lie: false or distorted information that justifies an action or a belief and/or encourages acceptance of it 28. Love bombing: isolation of the target audience from general society within an insular group that devotes attention and affection to the target audience to encourage adherence to an idea or cause 29. Managing the news: influencing news media by timing messages to one’s advantage, reinterpreting controversial or unpopular actions or statements (also called spinning), or repeating insubstantial or inconsequential statements that ignore a problem (also called staying on message) 30. Milieu control: using peer or social pressure to engender adherence to an idea or cause; related to brainwashing and mind control 31. Obfuscation: communication that is vague and ambiguous, intended to confuse the audience as it seeks to interpret the message, or to use incomprehensibility to exclude a wider audience 32. Operant conditioning: indoctrination by presentation of attractive people expressing opinions or buying products 33. Oversimplification: offering generalities in response to complex questions 34. Pensà ©e unique (French for â€Å"single thought†): repression of alternative viewpoints by simplistic arguments 35. Quotes out of context: selective use of quotations to alter the speaker’s or writer’s intended meaning or statement of opinion 36. Rationalization: use of generalities or euphemisms to justify actions or beliefs 37. Red herring: use of irrelevant data or facts to fallaciously validate an argument 38. Reductio ad Hitlerum: persuasion of an audience to change its opinion by identifying undesirable groups as adherents of the opinion, thus associating the audience with such groups 39. Repetition: repeated use of a word, phrase, statement, or image to influence the audience 40. Scapegoating: blaming a person or a group for a problem so that those responsible for it are assuaged of guilt and/or to distract the audience from the problem itself and the need to fix it 41. Selective truth: restrictive use of data or facts to sway opinion that might not be swayed if all the data or facts were given 42. Sloganeering: use of brief, memorable phrases to encapsulate arguments or opinions on an emotional rather than a logical level 43. Stereotyping: incitement of prejudice by reducing a target group, such as a segment of society or people adhering to a certain religion, to a set of undesirable traits 44. Straw man: misrepresentation or distortion of an undesirable argument or opinion, or misidentifying an undesirable persona or an undesirable single person as representative of that belief, or oversimplifying the belief 45. Testimonial: publicizing of a statement by an expert, authority figure, or celebrity in support of an idea, cause, or product in order to prompt the audience to identify with the person and support the idea or cause or buy the product 46. Third party: use of a supposedly impartial person or group, such as a journalist or an expert, or a group falsely represented as a grassroots organization, to support an idea or cause or recommend a product 47. Thought-terminating clichà ©: use of a truism to stifle dissent or validate faulty logic 48. Transfer: association of an entity’s positive or negative qualities with another entity to suggest that the latter entity embodies those qualities 49. Unstated assumption: implicit expression of an idea or cause by communication of related concepts without expressing the idea or cause 50. Virtue words: expression of words with positive connotations to associate an idea or cause with the self-perceived values of the audience Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherA While vs Awhile35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay While reading the epic poem of â€Å"Beowulf† the most important character is Beowulf which has the personality of an epic conqueror by performance of skills and bravery, durable reputation, and royal duty. In Beowulf it shows strange and nearly external ability and bravery at the assassination of Grendel, the Troll Wife, and the Dragon. Due to the brave killing of the useless creature Beowulf also becomes familiar to the idea of being fames. Beowulf as a model he must defend his people as a imperial responsibility. The poem starts with the slaughter of Grendel. In the slaughter of the unusually huge being Beowulf shows significant skills and bravery. Beowulf shows odd skill and bravery which this shows the beginning of an epic hero. Beowulf show bravery and ability by slaughter Grendel hand without a sword or a shield. The cause why Beowulf chooses to kill Grendel with no body armor to him it felt that he must not have any advantages over the monster of Grendel. By defeating Grendel without any armor Beowulf prove to the people that he really is brave and clever. Beowulf shows great skills and bravery when he supposedly defeats the Troll Wife which is the mother of Grendel. After killing all the Thanes in the Mead Hall to make a point to Beowulf say he was able to kill her with the Hrunting. After stabbing the Troll Wife and winning the battle. Once again Grendel demonstrates the personality of an epic hero. Beowulf also shows his bravery and skill while he was slaughtering the Dragon. In the killing of the Dragon, Beowulf was ready to give up his own live in order to slay the Dragon. In additional Beowulf traits shows him as an epic conqueror by taking care of his royal duty. Before the king kills himself he gave Beowulf his kingdom so he became the king when he died. Beowulf realizes his responsibility to rule and defend his kingdom, with his royal duties. Although he aged over time when he slaughter the dragon he must defend his people from it, itâ €™s is responsibility now that he is the king. In the next paragraph from Beowulf, Beowulf clarify why he have to carry out his royal duties. Hygelac offer Beowulf his family sword, as a way to repay him from the battle. The king decided to give Beowulf his land, because his sword as served him well. By means of his hands and tough sword blade, while Beowulf is delicate and aged once the Dragon came. Beowulf understands that he will repay his people by slaughter the Dragon. Beowulf believes that he was giving so much throughout his people and being able to kill the dragon was his royal duties to protect his kingdom. The slaughter of Grendel, the Troll wife, and the Dragon was including in his royal duty. Beowulf as well turns into adapting to the idea of endure reputation by taking royal obligation. Beowulf shows another trait of an epic hero during the idea of lasting reputation. The traits of enduring fame come about when Beowulf slaughters Grendel, The Troll Wife, and the Dra gon. Following the killing of Grendel and The Troll Wife Beowulf is looking upon as a hero by numerous of Thanes. When Beowulf murder Grendel, Beowulf stumble upon Heorot where he reward Beowulf with gold. While having a banquet in tribute of Beowulf, they told him to put on riches with true superior determination this will increase and do well and establish your strength. Beowulf has received the respect as a hero. Fate showed hold on life when it comes to an end. Beowulf also becomes familiar to the thought of endure reputation with the land that is given to Beowulf to rule. Beowulf receives tribute when he dies. At the ending of the heroic poem, Beowulf’s people are sad, and keep on being sad while promising that his kingdom will always remember him as an epic hero Beowulf. The entire trait mentioned early proves Beowulf as an epic hero. Beowulf shows ability and bravery, lasting fame, and caring out his royal duties; all these personality show that Beowulf is an epic hero . By slaughter Grendel, and the Dragon, Beowulf demonstrate ability and bravery to his people by demonstrate his force and survival. As a result of slaughter the Dragon even while Beowulf knows that the ending will possibly show the way to the death he shows the traits of his royal duty. The king offer Beowulf his kingdom to rule it as a result of his great reputation. All these are personality of an epic hero, which Beowulf was a great epic hero.

Why starting a franchise is better than starting a new business Essay

Why starting a franchise is better than starting a new business - Essay Example As a matter of fact, there is a vast array of different available alternatives and opportunities such that it is often difficult to decide on the best plan to follow. After choosing the best path, one would require help starting the business, hence the need to appreciate the differences between starting a business and franchising opportunities, as well as choosing which plan is the most applicable (Bradach 99). Although franchising is similar to starting one’s own business in various aspects, these business initiatives are inherently quite dissimilar. This paper will examine the reasons why it is better to start a franchise rather than a new business. Broadly speaking, franchising refers to the means of operating a commercial operation through the use of certain elements or aspects of other businesses, for instance, its products, brand and name. Previously, this entailed licensing agreements where business operators had the right to sell certain products in certain markers, di stribution deals that work on the same basis or other form of agency agreement in which one runs part of a greater business. However, today, franchising refers to the granting of licenses to trade under similar names as the parent companies and to make use of all or most of the aspects, which make these businesses successful to enable one’s venture to strive. ... Such support, however, runs for the duration of the franchise agreement. The contract entails the franchisee agreeing to pay the franchisor for the privilege to use such support and business tools. In most instances, such payment is made upfront although the franchisee has to pay numerous staged payments as the business develops (Libava 81). However, it is evident that certain franchise agreements stipulate that franchisees have to make additional payments if the business grows to be exceedingly successful, but, in most cases, this amount is a regular flat rate. Although in most cases the startup cost of starting a franchise is quite large, this cost is substantially lower than the cost of starting the same business from scratch. Some of the most notable franchises include, among others, Subway, Hampton Hotels, 7-Eleven Inc, Anytime Fitness, Supercuts and McDonald’s and Pizza Hut Inc. These businesses are quite profitable and their brands are widely acclaimed all over the worl d. Starting such a business from scratch can cost quite a lot. However, franchising allows business owners to pay low costs in order to start these businesses. For instance, in order to start franchises such as McDonald’s, one only requires between $1.07 million and $1.89 million, to start a Subway franchise one needs between $85,200 and $260,350. On the other hand, in order to start a Hampton Hotel franchise, one must pay the franchisor between $3.7 million and $13.52 million. These figures go to show that starting a franchise is way cheaper than establishing such a massive company. Perhaps one of the most attractive aspects of franchising is the reduction of risk. The business is not essentially a new

Wireless Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wireless Networking - Essay Example Individuals with desktop computers connected to Wide Area Networks (WANs) and Local Area Networks (LANs) in their places of work may need to be connected while away, which is literary impossible with the concept of wiring. Here is where wireless networking comes in. A wireless network is a system that receives and transmits radio signal through the air from one point to another. The term wireless network often refers to a Wi-Fi or 802.11 networking, from the protocols that control the wireless network concept (Kumar, Manjunath & Kuri 2). Wireless networks are consistently proving their worth in today’s world, with coverage of important services like FM radio, AM radio, satellite television, broadcast television, and satellite internet, which all form a basic part of our lives. The history of wireless networking discovery takes us back to 1888 when Heinrich Herz discovered the first radio wave. In the years that followed, other scholars were further developing the radio frequen cy concept. Marconi was the first known man to successfully transmit and receive a message using radio waves in a distance of two miles, labeling him the â€Å"father of radio†.... The resultant second generation WLAN was upgraded and was four times faster, with an operational speed of 2Mbps. Further developments led t the design on the third generation WLAN, which are in use currently (Kumar, Manjunath & Kuri 23). The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802 committee in 1990 set up the 820.11 Working Group that would be the foundation of the WLAN standard. Among the specifications of the standard was an operating frequency of 2.4GHz ISM band, and consequently approved the IEEE 802.11 to be the first WLAN standard with frequency of between 1and 2 Mbps. Building a wireless network will require an access point, which receives and sends radio signals, as well as acting like a repeater. Another vital device required in all the devices in the wireless network is the wireless network card. A desktop computer usually has an internal card, and may or may not have antennas. Notebooks have a PCMCIA extension slots for the card, if not installed from t he manufacturer. There are two basic forms of configuration for a wireless network: infrastructure and Ad-Hoc. An infrastructure wireless configuration constitutes more than one access point connections to an already existing single wireless network. This will enhance the sharing of resource among the devices in the network, like the internet and printers. Here, a computer acts like a hub that provides connectivity for the other computers in the network, hence connecting a wireless LAN to a wireless LAN (Kumar, Manjunath & Kuri 54). On the other hand, an Ad-Hoc wireless network configuration connects one device directly to another device on the network, hence the common reference to peer-to-peer network. All devices can connect directly to each other, but there must be one that is